Plants
The plants section of the program allows for creation of chilled water, hot water, mixed water, condenser, heat exchanger loops, and VRF plants. These plants will then be assigned to the airside systems to run a load or energy analysis if using water coils.
Plant Selection Confirmation message
No plant required:
After selecting a system, a plant might not be required for the program to run. Generally direct expansion systems don’t require a plant except for Water Source Heat Pumps and Variable Refrigerant Flow units. If the selected system does not require a plant, the Next Section button should be chosen from the message. If the user wishes to select a plant for the selected system, the button Select Plant should be pressed.
Plant required:
If the selected system contains water/steam coils, Water Source Heat Pumps (WSHP) and Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) units, then a plant needs to be selected. The program offers to create an automated plant that consists on District water or a basic configuration of DX for SHP or VRF. If the user wants to use the automated plant, the Automated button should be selected. Id the user wants to create a plant on it’s own, the Select plant button should be selected.
The workflow is to select a plant configuration, configure the components in the created plant, and then assign systems to the particular plant.
There are four sections:
Select Plants
The Create Plants screen allows for the addition of plant configurations from the library or the creation of custom plants by adding individual loops of plant configurations.
Each plant will contain a set number of loops depending on the plant. Plants include chilled water, hot water, mixed water (or WSHP), heat exchanger, VRF, and condenser water loops. There are no limits on the number of loops to be created within the program.
Plant loops can be linked or connected in order to properly condition a building. In order to make the connections, the loops are broken into supply and demand sides. The demand side will contain equipment that places a load on the supply side equipment. Each supply side of a loop must be connected to a demand side of a loop (and vice versa).
This screen includes a plants tree, a button to add plant configurations, buttons to add loops, plant diagram, as well as the ability to view properties of the plant created.
Select Plants Tree Features
The Select Plants Tree lists the loops with their respective components and controls beneath them.
The select plants tree has the following levels:
· Building – the name of the building containing the plants.
· Loop name – specified by you or from the library
· Category of components – there are three categories, Components, Controls and Demand Loads.
o Components includes the equipment located in the supply side of the loop.
o Controls includes any water temperature controllers that have been added to the loop.
o Demand Loads will only be shown in the tree when a process or non-process loop load has been added.
In the tree, if there is a component that is not linked to another loop and it is required, there will be a broken link line signifying that it needs to be assigned to demand equipment. This can be done in the Assign Loops section.
If the equipment is connected to a specific piece of equipment (e.g. a branch pump with a chiller), then that equipment will be listed beneath it and indented.
All names in the tree (this is true for all trees in the plants section) will be tag names associated to the library member assigned
Plant Wizard
This button will add a plant configuration from the library into the project. Plant configurations are combinations of loops from the Loops Library that have the supply-demand connections of components. These will need to be pre-assigned to each other (for example a chiller assigned to a cooling tower).
Add Chilled Water Loop (linked to other F1 help doc)
This button will add a chilled water loop library member. The Chilled Water Loop uses equipment to produce and distribute cold water to cooling coils that have the load requirements from the building. Below is a simple line diagram for a chilled water loop*.
Add Hot Water Loop (linked to other F1 help doc)
This button will add a hot water loop library member. The Hot Water Loop uses equipment to produce and distribute hot water to heating coils that have the load requirements from the building. Below is a simple line diagram for a hot water loop*.
Add Condenser Loop (linked to other F1 help doc)
This button will add a condenser water loop library member. The Condenser Water Loop uses equipment to expel the heat removed from the building to the atmosphere and return cooled water to the chiller in the chilled water loop. Below is a simple line diagram for a condenser water loop*.
Add VRF Loop (linked to other F1 help doc)
This button will add a VRF loop library member. The VRF Loop is a combination of outdoor condensing units and other components that are tied to a group of indoor heating and/or cooling units via a refrigerant loop. Below is a simple line diagram for a VRF loop*.
Add Mixed Water Loop (linked to other F1 help doc)
This button will add a mixed water loop library member. The Mixed Water loop uses cooling/heating equipment along with heat rejection and heating equipment to maintain a set range of water temperature for a system. Building loads can be met with several modes of operation depending on the outside conditions. The individual space equipment can switch between cooling and heating depending on space needs. The goal of the system is to recover heat or use “free cooling” whenever possible. Below is a simple line diagram for a mixed water loop*.
Add Heat Exchanger Loop (linked to other F1 help doc)
This button will add a heat exchanger loop library member. Once clicked it will open up several different types of available heat exchanger loops for the project.
Heat Exchanger Loops transfer heat from one medium or loop to another for different purposes like energy saving, chilled water or ice storage, etc. Below is a simple diagram example of a heat exchanger loop*.
There are eight different types of Heat Exchanger Loops depending on the placement of the heat exchanger and the loop types it connects
● Chilled Water Loop to Chilled Water HX
● Chilled Water Loop to Mixed Water HX
● Hot Water Loop to Mixed HX
● Hot Water Loop to Hot Water HX
● Condenser Loop to Condenser Water HX
● Condenser Loop to Chilled Water HX - some examples are free cooling applications.
● Mixed Water Loop to Hot Water HX
● Mixed Water Loop to Chilled Water HX
Configure Plants
The Configure Plants screen allows for modification of the plant that was just created. Each loop can be individually modified by adding or removing equipment and controls based on the specific configuration. Only modification of the supply side of each loop can be done in this section. The supply side of the loop contains rules for placement of components so that the simulation is allowed to run successfully. You will also have the ability to modify each specific component within the loop as well as the overall properties of the loop for sizing purposes. In order to move on from this screen, all loops must be configured with components and there should be no validation error messages.
Plant Component Selection Bar
The selection bar allows for inputting equipment into the plant diagram. For each component there are set rules for equipment placement depending on the loop type. The component selection displays categories of components that can be added to a loop. These categories are:
Each loop type will display the categories and components that are valid. Click on the category button to expand it and view the components that can be added to the loop. Select a component on the bar by clicking on it. The plant diagram will highlight the valid locations for placing the component on the loop. To drop a component on the plant diagram, click on one of the green dot locations.
Below is a description of each category:
Pumps
The Pumps category in the Component Selection Bar displays the valid pump types that can be added to the loop. The available pumps for all loop types are shown below. For more information on each type of equipment see the Equipment Library.
● Constant Volume Pump Not-Headered
● Variable Volume Pump Not-Headered
● Constant Volume Pump Headered
● Variable Volume Pump Headered
Pumps that have been added to a loop will be displayed in the Properties Section under Components. Each component displays information from the equipment library member that has been selected. The library member may be changed but its information is not editable. The fields displayed for pumps are:
● Name
● Full Load Energy
● Pump Head
● Motor Efficiency
● Motor Heat to Fluid
● Flow Control
Equipment
The Equipment category in the Component Selection Bar displays the valid component types that can be added to each loop type. The available equipment per Loop Type is shown below. For more information on each type of equipment see the Equipment Library.
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· Chilled Water Loop
§ Air Cooled Chiller
§ Water Cooled Chiller
§ Absorption Chiller
§ Engine Driven Air Cooled Chiller
§ Engine Driven Water Cooled Chiller
§ District Cooling
§ Temperature Source
· Hot Water Loop
§ Boiler
§ Water Heater
§ District Heating
§ Temperature Source
· Condenser Loop
§ Cooling Tower
§ Fluid Cooler
§ Evaporative Fluid Cooler
§ Well
· Mixed Water Loop
§ Boiler
§ Water Heater
§ District Heating
§ Temperature Source
§ Cooling Tower
§ Fluid Cooler
§ Evaporative Fluid Cooler
§ District Cooling
§ Ground Heat Exchanger
§ HX w/ Controls
· Heat Exchanger Loop
§ Chilled Water Loop to Chilled Water HX
o Air Cooled Chiller
o Water Cooled Chiller
o Absorption Chiller
o Engine Driven Air Cooled Chiller
o Engine Driven Water Cooled Chiller
o District Cooling
o Temperature Source
§ Chilled Water Loop to Mixed Water HX
o Air Cooled Chiller
o Water Cooled Chiller
o Absorption Chiller
o Engine Driven Air Cooled Chiller
o Engine Driven Water Cooled Chiller
o District Cooling
o Temperature Source
§ Hot Water Loop to Mixed Water HX
o Boiler
o Water Heater
o District Heating
o Temperature Source
§ Hot Water Loop to Hot Water HX
o Boiler
o Water Heater
o District Heating
o Temperature Source
§ Condenser Water Loop to Condenser Water HX
o Air Cooled Chiller
o Water Cooled Chiller
o Absorption Chiller
o Engine Driven Air Cooled Chiller
o Engine Driven Water Cooled Chiller
o District Cooling
o Temperature Source
§ Condenser Water Loop to Chilled Water HX
o Cooling Tower
o Fluid Cooler
o Evaporative Fluid Cooler
o Well
§ Condenser Water Loop to Mixed Water HX
o Cooling Tower
o Fluid Cooler
o Evaporative Fluid Cooler
o Well
§ Mixed Water Loop to Hot Water HX
o Boiler
o Water Heater
o District Heating
o Temperature Source
o Cooling Tower
o Fluid Cooler
o Evaporative Fluid Cooler
o Ground Heat Exchanger
o HX w/controls
§ Mixed Water Loop to Chilled Water HX
o Boiler
o Water Heater
o District Heating
o Temperature Source
o Cooling Tower
o Fluid Cooler
o Evaporative Fluid Cooler
o District Cooling
o Ground Heat Exchanger
· VRF Loop
§ VRF Outdoor Unit
§ Water VRF Outdoor Unit
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Heat Exchanger
The Heat Exchanger category in the Component Selection Bar displays the valid component types that can be added to each loop type. The available equipment per Loop Type is shown below. For more information on each type of equipment see the Equipment Library.
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· Chilled Water Loop
§ HX w/controls
§ HX Waterside Economizer
· Hot Water Loop
§ HX w/controls
· Condenser Loop
§ HX w/controls
· Mixed Water Loop
§ HX w/controls
· Heat Exchanger Loop
§ Chilled Water Loop to Chilled Water HX
o HX w/controls
o HX Waterside Economizer
§ Chilled Water Loop to Mixed Water HX
o HX w/controls
o HX Waterside Economizer
§ Hot Water Loop to Mixed Water HX
o HX w/controls
§ Hot Water Loop to Hot Water HX
o HX w/controls
§ Condenser Water Loop to Condenser Water HX
o HX w/controls
o HX Waterside Economizer
§ Condenser Water Loop to Chilled Water HX
o HX w/controls
§ Condenser Water Loop to Mixed Water HX
o HX w/controls
§ Mixed Water Loop to Hot Water HX
o HX w/controls
§ Mixed Water Loop to Chilled Water HX
o HX w/controls
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Controls and Sensors
For Loops, the only available control is a Water Temperature Set point Controller. This controller can be connected to components added to the loop to sense the water temperature in that mode. The control strategy can then be defined in the Properties section under the Controls tab.
Validation Messages
Validation will be done every time equipment is dropped into the diagram as well as when properties are changed. The validation messages will show warnings or fatal errors within that particular plant section. Validation can be done by clicking the magnifying glass underneath the demand box. Once clicked, it will provide you with an explanation on why the loop did not validate and how to correct the issue. Each loop has special validation rules written.
Sequencing
Plants and condenser loops must have some mechanism for controlling the operation of the loop and which equipment is available under different operating conditions. Once the loop load is calculated by the return conditions from the demand side and using the loop set point, this load needs to be allocated to the supply equipment according to your input. This can be done by using the sequencing button shown on the diagram.
There are several different sequencing types which can be controlled on an hourly basis throughout the year. The sequencing types are discussed in the Sequencing properties section.
Demand Loads
This input is used for when building loads are already known. Demand load, flow rates, and schedule are specified in this section. This can be used for cooling and heating loads. Cooling loads are entered as positive numbers and heating loads are entered as negative numbers.
The inputs related to demand loads are discussed in the Demand Load Properties section.
Configure Plant Tree Features
The Configure Plants Tree will function and look identical to the tree shown in the Select Plants tree, but you will now have an edit button. This button will appear next to the loop or component when it is hovered over or selected. The edit button will take you to the properties screen. Right clicking on component or loop in tree will allow for renaming.
Plant Diagram
The plant diagram is a graphic representation of a loop. It displays the supply side components as well as a demand box. As components are selected in the component selection bar, the plant diagram will highlight valid placement locations with green dots. To drop a component on the plant diagram, click on one of the green dot locations. To delete a component from the plant diagram, click to select the component and hit delete. As components are added to the plant diagram, they will be added to the equipment of the properties section.
Each loop type has business rules that will help create a valid loop configuration. The plant diagram will display Validation Messages to help fix invalid configurations or missing data. Sequencing and demand loads are also located in the plant diagram.
Demand Side or Demand Box
The plant demand side contains equipment that places a load on the primary equipment (see below). This might include coils, baseboards, radiant systems, etc.
Within the demand section, if you are using the Plant Wizard or are located in the Assign Loops section, you can view supply side components that the demand is connected to. An example would be a condenser loop that is connected to one or multiple chillers. See the circle in the lower right-hand corner of the yellow box above. This circle represents the connections. These assignments or connections can be viewed by clicking on the component or loop that it is connected to.
Supply Side
Supply side will contain primary equipment such as chillers or boilers on the supply side loop. Each supply side must be connected to a demand side and vice versa. You can select components by using the plant component selection bar. Each component has rules associated to them on where they can be placed within the diagram. Each valid location will have a green dot for placement.
If the component location breaks a rule, then the validation rules will appear and will give a suggestion on what to fix in the particular loop.
Properties
The properties section of plants allows you to view and configure the sizing and control parameters of the plant loops or components within the plant loops.
Properties can be accessed by:
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highlighting a component in the Plant Diagram and hitting the properties button in the bottom left, or
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highlighting a component or loop in the tree and then clicking the edit button next to the component or loop.
In all properties, the top will have a breadcrumb which shows which loop, component or template you are highlighted on. You can navigate to other loops by selecting the loop and a drop down will appear.
Additionally, there will be several different tabs of the properties. These sections are:
Loop Sizing
Fluid Type
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Default Value: Water
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: This field determines the type of fluid for the loop: Water, Ethylene Glycol, or Propylene Glycol. If Ethylene Glycol or Propylene Glycol is selected, the Glycol Concentration field becomes available. Ethylene Glycol or Propylene Glycol is used as an anti-freeze.
Input Considerations: If using ice storage tanks, select ethylene glycol or propylene glycol for the fluid type.
Glycol Concentration
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Default Value: 30%
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Min & Max: 0–100
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Typical Range: 20–40
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Units: %
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Description: Only appears when Ethylene Glycol or Propylene Glycol is selected for the fluid type. As an example, a mixture of 60% ethylene glycol and 40% water freezes at -49 degrees F.
Input Consideration: N/A
Loop Design Temperature Difference
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Default Values: Cooling Loop 10 °F; Heating Loop 10 °F; Mixed Loop 10 °F; Condenser Loop 10 °F
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Min & Max: -999 to 999
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Typical Range: -999 to 999
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Units: °F, °C
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Description: This input is the design temperature rise (for cooling or condenser loops) or fall (for heating loops) across the demand side of a plant loop. The temperature difference is used to determine flow rates required to meet design capacities.
Input Considerations: A higher temperature difference results in lower flow rates.
Design Loop Exit Temperature
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Default Values: Cooling Loop 44 °F; Condenser 95 °F; Mixed Loop 90 °F; Heating 180 °F
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Min & Max: -999 to 999
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Typical Range: 0–200
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Units: °F, °C
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Description: This input is the water temperature at the exit of the supply side of the plant loop (after supply components such as chillers, cooling towers, boilers, etc). Thus this is the temperature of the water supplied to the inlet of chilled or hot water coils and other equipment that places loads on a plant loop.
Input Considerations: A higher or lower than normal temperature may impact equipment performance.
Loop Sizing Method
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Default Value: Block
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: This field controls how concurrence issues impact the plant loop design flow rate. There are two options:
o Block - The cooling plant capacity is equal to the sum of the highest block load as simulated of the airside cooling coils as well as demand loads assigned to the cooling plant.
o Peak - The cooling plant capacity is equal to the sum of the airside cooling coil capacities or demand loads assigned to the cooling plant.
Input Considerations: N/A
Block Sizing Timestep
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Default Value: 1
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Min & Max: 1–60
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Typical Range: 1–4
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Units: N/A
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Description: This is the number of timesteps used in a moving average to determine the design flow rate for plant sizing. This allows using a broader average over time.
Input Considerations: If you want to size a plant based on a larger timestep (e.g. 1 hour versus 15 minute time step increments), you would enter in a value that would be greater than 1 here. A good example would be wanting to size a plant based on a 1 hour average versus a timestep for simulation which is 15 minutes. A number of 4 would be entered (15 * 4 = 60 minutes) to size the plant based on one hour.
Sizing Factor
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Default Value: 100%
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Min & Max: 100–999
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Typical Range: 115%–120%
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Units: N/A
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Description: This is the factor to over or undersize the capacity of the loop. This is also more commonly known as a safety factor.
Input Considerations: N/A
Components
The Components tab displays the information of the components that have been added to a loop. The components will be displayed on a table grouped by the category from the Component selection bar: Pumps, Equipment, Thermal Storage, and Heat Exchanger. When expanded, each component will display pertinent information about the selected equipment library member. A different equipment library member can be selected, but the library member information cannot be edited on this screen.
All components except for Heat Exchangers and District Cooling/Heating are in the library. To view details on each input field, please go to the equipment library section to view them in more detail.
Heat Exchangers
A fluid-to-fluid heat exchanger is designed to couple the supply side of one plant or condenser loop to the demand side of another plant or condenser loop. This heat exchanger is fairly general and can be configured for use in any application where two loops need to be connected together. The only constraints are that one side must be connected to the supply side of one loop and the other side connected to the demand side of a different loop. Because the heat exchanger is intended to be generic, its two sides are distinguished by the type of loop side being connected. One side is called “Loop Supply Side” to indicate the heat exchanger is situated on the supply side of a loop. The other side is called “Loop Demand Side” to indicate it is on the demand side of a loop. The heat exchanger is intended to act as a supply component for the loop connected to it as the “Loop Supply Side” and as a demand component for the loop connected to it as the “Loop Demand Side.” From the point of view of the heat exchanger model itself, the Loop Demand Side fluid serves as the source/sink to supply heating/cooling to the fluid in the Loop Supply Side.
Model Type
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Default Value: Ideal
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: Below are the selection types for the model.
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Cross Flow Both Unmixed:
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Specifies a single-pass, cross-flow heat exchanger. The effectiveness will be calculated using a cross-flow heat exchanger correlation for both streams unmixed.
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Cross Flow Both Mixed:
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Specifies a single-pass, cross-flow heat exchanger. The effectiveness will be calculated using a cross-flow heat exchanger correlation for both streams mixed.
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Cross Flow Supply Mixed
Demand Unmixed:
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Specifies a single-pass, cross-flow heat exchanger. The effectiveness will be calculated using a cross-flow heat exchanger correlation for flow mixed on the Loop Supply side and flow unmixed on the Loop Demand Side.
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Cross Flow Supply Unmixed
Demand Mixed:
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Species a single-pass, cross-flow heat exchanger. The effectiveness will be calculated using a cross-flow heat exchanger correlation for flow unmixed on the Loop Supply side and flow mixed on the Loop Demand Side.
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Counter Flow:
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Specifies a counter-flow shell and tube heat exchanger. The effectiveness will be calculated using a counter-flow shell and tube heat exchanger correlation.
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Parallel Flow:
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Specifies a parallel-flow shell and tube heat exchanger. The effectiveness will be calculated using a parallel-flow shell and tube heat exchanger correlation.
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Ideal:
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Specifies an ideal heat exchanger. The effectiveness will be set to ‘1.0’ and the specified UA will be ignored. The heat transfer rate will be calculated as the maximum possible heat transfer rate.
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UA Value
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Default Value: Autosized
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Min & Max: 0– no maximum
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: This numerical field is used to specify the overall U-Factor Times Area (UA) for use in the calculation of the heat exchanger effectiveness. If Ideal is specified as the heat exchanger type, the effectiveness will be set to 1.0. When set to autosize, the Heat Exchanger U-Factor Times Area value is calculated based on an effectiveness of 1.0, where capacity is such that the temperatures in the plant for the two loops can be maintained.
Control Type
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Default Value:
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For uncontrolled HX – Uncontrolled, For HX with Controls – Cooling Setpoint Modulated,
For HX Waterside Economizer – Waterside Economizer based on Differential Temperature
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Min & Max:
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0– N/A
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Typical Range:
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N/A
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Units:
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N/A
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Description: This field is used to specify how the heat exchanger is to be controlled during operation. Varying applications for connecting two loops will require different control behavior and different control options are needed depending on the desired behavior. There are the following eleven key choice options to choose from:
For Heat Exchanger Uncontrolled, the options are:
o Uncontrolled,
o Sequencing with Modulated Flow, and
o Sequencing with Max Flow
For Heat Exchanger with Controls, the options are:
o Cooling Setpoint Modulated,
o Cooling Setpoint On/Off,
o Dual Deadband Setpoint Modulated,
o Dual Deadband Setpoint On/Off,
o Heating Setpoint Modulated, and
o Heating Setpoint On/Off
For Heat Exchanger with Waterside Economizer, the options are Waterside Economizer based on Differential Temperature and Waterside Economizer Integrated with Chiller
o Uncontrolled - This control mode is applicable to situations where the heat exchanger is passively running all the time and always transfers as much heat as possible between the fluid streams. However there is one aspect of control in that it will only request flow on the Loop Demand Side when there is non-zero flow into the heat exchanger on the Loop Supply Side.
o Operation Scheme Modulated - This control mode is applicable to situations where the heat exchanger is controlled by an operation scheme. When using this control mode the heat exchanger serves as a supply component. The operation scheme will dispatch a load request to the heat exchanger which it will try meet by conditioning the fluid stream connected as the Loop Supply Side. If the heat exchanger could exceed the load request, then the flow through the fluid stream connected as the Loop Demand Side will be modulated to just meet the load request.
o Operation Scheme On Off - This control mode is applicable to situations where the heat exchanger is controlled by an operation. When using this control mode the heat exchanger serves as a supply component. The operation scheme will dispatch a load request to the heat exchanger which it will use as an on/off signal to decide if the heat exchange should run or not. If it runs, it will run at full capacity and may exceed the load request.
o Heating Setpoint Modulated - This control mode is applicable to situations where the Loop Demand Side can provide useful heating to the Loop Supply Side. If the setpoint and inlet temperatures are such that heat exchanger could transfer heat from the Loop Demand Side to the Loop Supply Side to meet the heating setpoint, then the heat exchanger will run. The inlet temperatures must differ by more than the value set in the field called Minimum Temperature Difference to Activate Heat Exchanger for the heat exchanger to operate. If the heat exchanger could overshoot the setpoint, then the flow through the fluid stream connected as the Loop Demand Side will be modulated to just meet the setpoint.
o Heating Setpoint On/Off - This control mode is applicable to situations where the Loop Demand Side can provide useful heating to the Loop Supply Side. If the setpoints and inlet temperatures are such that heat exchanger could transfer heat from the Loop Demand Side to the Loop Supply Side to meet the heating setpoint, then the heat exchanger will run. The inlet temperatures must differ by more than the value set in the field called Minimum Temperature Difference to Activate Heat Exchanger for the heat exchanger to operate. If it runs, it will run at full capacity and may overshoot the setpoint.
o Cooling Setpoint Modulated - This control mode is applicable to situations where the Loop Demand Side can provide useful cooling to the Loop Supply Side. If the setpoints and inlet temperatures are such that heat exchanger could transfer heat from the Loop Supply Side to the Loop Demand Side to meet the cooling setpoint, then the heat exchanger will run. The inlet temperatures must differ by more than the value set in the field called Minimum Temperature Difference to Activate Heat Exchanger for the heat exchanger to operate. If the heat exchanger could undershoot the setpoint, then the flow through the fluid stream connected as the Loop Demand Side will be modulated to just meet the setpoint.
o Cooling Setpoint On/Off - This control mode is applicable to situations where the Loop Demand Side can provide useful cooling to the Loop Supply Side. If the setpoints and inlet temperatures are such that heat exchanger could transfer heat from the Loop Supply Side to the Loop Demand Side to meet the cooling setpoint, then the heat exchanger will run. The inlet temperatures must differ by more than the value set in the field called Minimum Temperature Difference to Activate Heat Exchanger for the heat exchanger to operate. If it runs, it will run at full capacity and may undershoot the setpoint.
o Dual Dead band Setpoint Modulated - This control mode is applicable to situations where the Loop Demand Side can provide either useful cooling or heating to the Loop Supply Side. If the setpoints and inlet temperatures are such that heat exchanger could transfer heat from the Loop Demand Side to the Loop Supply Side to meet the lower setpoint, then the heat exchanger will run. If the setpoints and inlet temperatures are such that heat exchanger could transfer heat from the Loop Supply Side to the Loop Demand Side to meet the high setpoint, then the heat exchanger will run. The inlet temperatures must differ by more than the value set in the field called Minimum Temperature Difference to Activate Heat Exchanger for the heat exchanger to operate. If the heat exchanger could overshoot the lower setpoint, or undershoot the higher setpoint, then the flow through the fluid stream connected as the Loop Demand Side will be modulated to just meet the deadband setpoint.
o Dual Dead band Setpoint On/Off - This control mode is applicable to situations where the Loop Demand Side can provide either useful cooling or heating to the Loop Supply Side. If the setpoints and inlet temperatures are such that heat exchanger could transfer heat from the Loop Demand Side to the Loop Supply Side to meet the lower setpoint, then the heat exchanger will run. If the setpoints and inlet temperatures are such that heat exchanger could transfer heat from the Loop Supply Side to the Loop Demand Side to meet the high setpoint, then the heat exchanger will run. The inlet temperatures must differ by more than the value set in the field called Minimum Temperature Difference to Activate Heat Exchanger for the heat exchanger to operate. If the heat exchanger runs, it will run at full capacity and may overshoot the lower setpoint or undershoot the higher setpoint.
o Waterside Economizer based on Differential Temperature - This control mode is applicable to situations where the Loop Demand Side can provide useful cooling to the Loop Supply Side. This mode is similar to Cooling Setpoint On/Off except that it ignores any cooling set point and its control is based only on the temperature difference between Loop Demand Side and the Loop Supply Side. The inlet temperatures must differ by more than the value set in the field called Minimum Temperature Difference to Activate Heat Exchanger for the heat exchanger to operate.
o Waterside Economizer Integrated with Chiller - This control mode is applicable to situations where the heat exchanger operation is integrated with the operation of a specific chiller. Typically the heat exchanger and chiller are in parallel. When conditions are favorable for the heat exchanger to provide cooling to the Loop Supply Side, the heat exchanger is run and the integrated chiller is turned off. When conditions are not favorable, the heat exchanger is completely off and the chiller is allowed to run as usual. If it runs it will run at full capacity and may undershoot the setpoint. The chiller that is integrated with the heat exchanger is identified by entering the name of the chiller. The setpoint and control signal temperatures must differ by more than the value set in the field called Minimum Temperature Difference to Activate Heat Exchanger for the heat exchanger to operate.
Sizing Factor
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Default Value: 1.0
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Min & Max: 1– no maximum
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Typical Range: 1.15 to 1.25
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Units: N/A
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Description: This input field over sizes the heat exchanger to handle any condition.
District Cooling
Centralized source of chilled water, such as a district cooling system.
Nominal Capacity
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Default Value: Autosized
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Min & Max: 1– no maximum
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: W, kW, tons, Btuh, Mbh
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Description: This numeric field contains the nominal demand that the district cooling will meet. This field is autosizable.
Capacity Fraction Schedule Name
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Default Value: Available 100%
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: This input field contains the name of a schedule that describes how the nominal capacity varies over time. The capacity at a given point in time is determined by the product of the previous field and the value in this schedule.
District Heating
Centralized source of hot water, such as a district heating system.
Nominal Capacity
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Default Value: Autosized
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Min & Max: 1– no maximum
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: W, kW, tons, Btuh, Mbh
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Description: This numeric field contains the nominal demand that the district heating will meet. This field is autosizable.
Nominal Capacity Modifier
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Default Value: Available 100%
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: This input field contains the name of a schedule from the Utilization / Multipliers category in the library. It describes how the nominal capacity varies over time. The capacity at a given point in time is determined by the product of the previous field and the value in this schedule.
Controls
Control strategies allow for the equipment to follow certain setpoint temperatures.
Schedule
Description: This control type allows you to enter in a setpoint temperature either as a constant or through a pre-created schedule.
Setpoint Type
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Default Value: Constant
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: The choices for this input are either “Variable” or “Constant”. Variable allows to a variation in controlling temperatures throughout the day whereas constant is a fixed temperature throughout the day.
Input Considerations: N/A
Control Setpoint
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Default Value: Cooling: 44°F (6°C); Heating: 180°F (82°C); Condenser: 85°F (30°C)
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Min & Max: 0–999°F
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Typical Range: 40–180°F
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Units: °F, °C
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Description: This is the setpoint temperature to which the equipment is controlling to. This may be similar or same as the design leaving temperature
Input Considerations: Make sure the design leaving temperature is representative of this temperature.
Schedule
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Default Value: First schedule in list
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: Schedules allow you to define 24-hour percentage profiles. Here a schedule can be applied to determine at what specific hours a piece of equipment needs to meet a certain setpoint condition. This field is only available when “Variable” is selected for the set point type.
Input Considerations: N/A
Water Reset Based on OA
Description: The Outdoor Air Reset Setpoint Manager sets the supplied water temperature according to the outdoor air temperature using a reset rule.
The reset rule is determined by 2 points:
o the water setpoint temperature at the outdoor high temperature (SATOH) and
o the water setpoint temperature at the outdoor low temperature (SATOL).
If the outdoor temperature is above the outdoor high temperature, the water temperature is set to SATOH. If the outdoor temperature is below the outdoor low temperature, the water temperature is set to SATOL. If the outdoor temperature is between the outdoor high and outdoor low temperatures, the water temperature is linearly interpolated between SATOH and SATOL.
Schedule
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Default Value: First schedule in list
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: Schedules allow you to define 24-hour percentage profiles. Here a schedule can be applied to determine at what specific hours a piece of equipment needs to meet a certain setpoint condition and when the temperature is reset based on the OA condition.
Input Considerations: N/A
Follow OA Temperature
Description: This controller is used to place a temperature setpoint that is derived from the current outdoor air environmental conditions. The outdoor air conditions are obtained from the weather information during the simulation.
Reference Temperature Type
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Default Value: Outdoor Air Wet Bulb
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: The reference temperature type is the type of temperature value that the supplied water temperature will follow. The choice is either Outdoor Air Dry Bulb or Outdoor Air Wet Bulb.
Input Considerations: N/A
Offset Temperature Difference
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Default Value: 10°F
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Min & Max: -999 to 999
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Typical Range: 0 to 10
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Units: °F, °C
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Description: This field provides a temperature offset that will be applied to the value of the reference temperature (outdoor air wetbulb/drybulb). If this value is zero, and the limits are met, then the resulting setpoint will be exactly the same as the outdoor air wetbulb/drybulb temperature.
Input Considerations: The sign convention is that a positive value here will increase the resulting setpoint to higher than the outdoor air wetbulb/drybulb.
Maximum Setpoint Temperature
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Default Value: Cooling: 54°F (12°C), Condenser: 95°F (35°C), Heating: 180°F (82°C)
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Min & Max: -999 to 999
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Typical Range: 50 to 200
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Units: °F, °C
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Description: This field provides an upper limit to the setpoint condition.
Input Considerations: N/A
Minimum Setpoint Temperature
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Default Value: Cooling: 44°F (6.6°C), Condenser: 55°F (13°C), Heating: 120°F (49°C)
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Min & Max: -999 to 999
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Typical Range: 20 to 120
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Units: °F, °C
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Description: This field provides a lower limit to the setpoint condition.
Input Considerations: N/A
Dual Setpoint
Description: This controller will allow for two setpoint conditions in the loop – high and low. The temperature of the water loop will float in between these values and either a boiler or cooling tower will be used to maintain the set points at their respective conditions.
Setpoint Type
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Default Value: Constant
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: The choices for this input are either “Variable” or “Constant”. Variable allows to a variation in controlling temperatures throughout the day whereas constant is a fixed temperature throughout the day.
High Setpoint
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Default Value: 90°F
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Min & Max: -999 to 999
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Typical Range: 60 to 100
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Units: °F, °C
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Description: This field provides a higher limit to the setpoint condition. This is only available when the setpoint type is selected as “Constant”.
Input Considerations: N/A
Low Setpoint
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Default Value: 60°F
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Min & Max: -999 to 999
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Typical Range: 20 to 100
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Units: °F, °C
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Description: This field provides a lower limit to the setpoint condition. This is only available when the setpoint type is selected as “Constant”.
Input Considerations: N/A
High Setpoint Schedule
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Default Value: First schedule in list
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: Schedules allow you to define 24-hour percentage profiles. Here a schedule can be applied to determine at what specific hours a piece of equipment needs to meet the high set point water temperature condition.
Input Considerations: N/A
Low Setpoint Schedule
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Default Value: First schedule in list
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: Schedules allow you to define 24-hour percentage profiles. Here a schedule can be applied to determine at what specific hours a piece of equipment needs to meet the low set point water temperature condition.
Input Considerations: N/A
Follow Ground Temperature
Description: This controller is used to place a temperature setpoint that is derived from a current ground temperature. Vertical bore heat exchangers and horizontal bore heat exchanger use deep ground temperature (Site Temperature at Depth). Pond heat exchanger uses shallow depth ground temperatures (Shallow Site Temperature).
Offset Temperature Difference
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Default Value: 10°F
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Min & Max: -999 to 999
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Typical Range: 20 to 100
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Units: °F, °C
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Description: This field provides a temperature offset that will be applied to the value of the reference ground temperature. If this value is zero, and the limits are met, then the resulting setpoint will be exactly the same as the ground temperature.
Input Considerations: The sign convention is that a positive value here will increase the resulting setpoint to higher than the ground temperature.
Maximum Setpoint Temperature
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Default Value: Cooling: 54°F (12°C), Condenser: 95°F (35°C), Heating: 180°F (82°C)
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Min & Max: -999 to 999
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Typical Range: 60 to 200
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Units: °F, °C
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Description: This field provides an upper limit to the setpoint condition.
Input Considerations: N/A
Minimum Setpoint Temperature
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Default Value: Cooling: 44°F (6.6°C), Condenser: 55°F (13°C), Heating: 120°F (49°C)
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Min & Max: -999 to 999
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Typical Range: 20 to 100
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Units: °F, °C
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Description: This field provides a lower limit to the setpoint condition.
Input Considerations: N/A
Optimized Tower
Description: The optimized cooling tower control for water-cooled chillers resets the leaving tower water temperature (the condenser water loop temperature entering the building) to minimize the sum of chiller plus tower energy each hour. Without optimization controls (fixed setpoint), the cooling tower will attempt to reach the setpoint condition, if possible, because the compressor is more efficient at lower condenser operating temperatures. However, there is a trade-off since lowering the tower leaving temperature normally increases the tower energy consumption (unless the tower is also given a more efficient unloading curve). The chiller-tower optimizing algorithm balances the trade-off so the net energy (chiller plus tower) is less than the non-optimized solution. In optimized mode, the tower leaving temperature need not be reset to its lowest design setting, and will often be higher than the un-optimized tower control. The optimum tower leaving temperature is calculated to minimize the total energy consumption of the cooling tower and chiller, using rated tower, performance data, rated chiller performance data, the hourly load, and the outdoor air wet bulb temperature that hour. Note: For water-cooled chillers, optimization is only supported for centrifugal, helical rotary and screw compressor types.
Condenser Entering Water Temperature
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Default Value: 85°F
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Min & Max: 0 to 999
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Typical Range: 70 to 95
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Units: °F, °C
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Description: This numeric input field is for the design condenser entering water temperature into the chiller.
Use System Defaults
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Default Value: Yes
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: This input field determines use of system related defaults for minimum lift, maximum condenser entering water temperature, and cooling tower design inlet air wet-bulb temperature.
Minimum Lift
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Default Value: 54°F
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Min & Max: 0 to 999
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Typical Range: 30 to 60
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Units: °F, °C
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Description: This field establishes the minimum Lift allowed. Lift is generally thought of as the difference between condenser refrigerant pressure and the evaporator refrigerant pressure. Using defined pressure and temperature relationships, lift also can be related to the difference between the leaving chilled water and the leaving condenser water temperature. Further, when the leaving condenser water temperature and condenser water flow are constant, the entering condenser temperature can be used as a proxy for lift. Because most condenser water systems are designed for constant flow, entering condenser temperature is generally the most common metric for lift, as is implied previously. If the calculated Condenser Entering Water Setpoint falls below (TEvapLvgWater + MinimumLift), then the Condenser Entering Water Setpoint is reset to equal TEvapLvgWater + MinimumLift.
Maximum Condenser Entering Water Temperature
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Default Value: 90°F
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Min & Max: 0 to 999
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Typical Range: 80 to 100
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Units: °F, °C
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Description: This field establishes the maximum condenser entering water set point temperature allowed. If the scheduled or calculated setpoint is above Condenser Entering Temperature Maximum, then Condenser Entering Temperature Setpoint is reset to equal Condenser Entering Temperature Maximum.
Cooling Tower Design Inlet Air Wet-Bulb Temperature
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Default Value: 78°F
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Min & Max: 0 to 999
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Typical Range: 60 to 100
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Units: °F, °C
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Description: This field defines the reference wet bulb temperature used to size the cooling tower. Typically, the design condenser entering water temperature equals TwrRefOaWb + TowerApproachTD.
Follow Return Temperature
This controller is used to place a temperature set point that is derived from the current loop return temperature.
Return Setpoint Control Type
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Default Value: Constant
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: The choices for this input are either “Variable” or “Constant”. Variable allows a variation in controlling temperatures throughout the day whereas constant is a fixed temperature throughout the day.
Return Variable Control Setpoint
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Default Value: Cooling 56°F (13°C); Heating 120°F (49°C)
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Min & Max: -999 to 999
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Typical Range: 0 to 10
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Units: °F, °C
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Description: A schedule allows you to define variable setpoints. See Temperature Setpoint Schedules for more information on how to create the schedule.
Maximum Limit Setpoint Temperature
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Default Value: Cooling 54°F (12°C); Heating 180°F (82°C)
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Min & Max: -999 to 999
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Typical Range: 50 to 200
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Units: °F, °C
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Description: This field provides an upper limit to the resulting set point value.
Minimum Limit Setpoint Temperature
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Default Value: Cooling 44°F (6.6°C); Heating 120°F (49°C)
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Min & Max: -999 to 999
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Typical Range: 20 to 120
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Units: °F, °C
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Description: This field provides a lower limit to the resulting set point value.
Availability Manager
An availability manager sets flags telling a plant loop to turn on or off. Each type of availability manager contains a high-level on/off control strategy.
High Temperature Turn Off
Description: This strategy is used to turn off a plant loop if a sensed node temperature exceeds a temperature limit.
Sensor Location
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Default Value: N/A
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: This is the location of the sensor downstream of the equipment listed.
Input Considerations: N/A
Temperature
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Default Value: Cooling 55°F (12.78°C); Heating 210°F (98.89°C); Condenser 100°F (37.78°C); Mixed 100°F (37.78°C)
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Min & Max: -999 to 999
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Typical Range: 60 to 200
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Units: °F, °C
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Description: The set point temperature at which the system is turned off.
Input Considerations: N/A
High Temperature Turn on
Description: This strategy is used to turn on a plant loop if a sensed node temperature exceeds a temperature limit.
Sensor Location
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Default Value: N/A
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: Sets the location of the sensor downstream of the selected equipment.
Input Considerations: N/A
Temperature
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Default Value: Cooling 55°F (12.78°C); Heating 210°F (98.89°C); Condenser 100°F (37.78°C); Mixed 100°F (37.78°C)
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Min & Max: -999 to 999
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Typical Range: 60 to 200
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Units: °F, °C
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Description: The set point temperature at which the system is turned on.
Input Considerations: N/A
Low Temperature Turn Off
Description: This strategy is used to turn off a plant loop if a sensed node temperature is below the specified temperature limit.
Sensor Location
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Default Value: N/A
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: Sets the location of the sensor downstream of the selected equipment.
Input Considerations: N/A
Temperature
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Default Value: Cooling 30°F (-1.1°C); Heating 100°F (37.78°C); Condenser 50°F (10°C); Mixed 30°F (-1.1C)
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Min & Max: -999 to 999
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Typical Range: 32 to 90
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Units: °F, °C
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Description: The set point temperature at which the system is turned off.
Input Considerations: N/A
Low Temperature Turn on
Description: This strategy is used to turn on a plant loop if a sensed node temperature is below the specified temperature limit.
Sensor Location
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Default Value: N/A
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: This is the location of the sensor downstream of the equipment listed.
Input Considerations: N/A
Temperature
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Default Value: Cooling 30°F (-1.1°C); Heating 100°F (37.78°C); Condenser 50°F (10°C); Mixed 30°F (-1.1C)
|
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Min & Max: -999 to 999
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Typical Range: 32 to 90
|
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Units: °F, °C
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Description: The set point temperature at which the system is turned on.
Input Considerations: N/A
Sequencing Properties
In this section, there will be two different property areas:
o Sequencing Properties
o Schedules (which includes the calendar)
The calendar will be a tool for you to select which days will have a specific hourly schedule for sequencing. The calendar by default will have all of the days covered with the same hourly schedule. This tool will also have a legend where you can select an hourly schedule and apply it to a certain day type.
Load Distribution Control
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Default Value: Sequential
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: The Load Distribution Scheme selects the algorithm used to sequence equipment operation in order to meet the loop demand. Currently, there are five schemes.
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Input Consideration: N/A
Name
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Default Value: N/A
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: Enter in the name of the plant sequence.
Scheme
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Default Value: Equipment to Max Capacity
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: In this dropdown, there will be a set of schemes that you can select for each sequence created.
The schemes are as follows:
Equipment to Max Capacity
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Default Value: N/A
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: As the loop runs, the equipment will also run as specified (until its capacity is maxed out), unless turned off by the loop flow resolver to maintain continuity in the fluid loop. By default, if no sequencing is added, this is the sequence used.
By Load
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Default Value: N/A
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: Each equipment series added has a low and high limit of load associated. If the demand is lower than the low limit, the equipment will not turn on, if the demand is higher than the load specified, this sequence will not run. You can set equipment load sequences per equipment or equipment series. By default, the load sequence will have all equipment within one load range, you will have to delete equipment if you want it to appear in another equipment series.
By Leaving Setpoint
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Default Value: N/A
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: Each component controlled under temperature based control will have its own setpoint different from the loop setpoint. This scheme is common to many present-day Energy Management Systems sequencing. In this scheme, the sequencing is done based on the order specified in the control object described below. All you need to do is set the order of the setpoints to be met.
By Outdoor Dry Bulb, By Outdoor Wetbulb, By Outdoor Relative Humidity, By Outdoor Dew Point
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Default Value: N/A
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: Similar to the load scheme, the outdoor operation sequences define the different ranges of the various environmental parameters and which equipment list is valid for each range. If the parameter is lower than the low limit, the equipment will not turn on, if the outside air condition is higher than the parameter listed, this sequence will not run. You can set equipment load sequences per equipment or equipment series.
By Outdoor Dry Bulb Difference, By Outdoor Wet Bulb Difference
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Default Value: N/A
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: Similar to the load scheme, the delta temperature based control strategies help to control any condenser equipment based on the difference between the leaving condition of the equipment and any environmental temperature. For example a cooling tower can be controlled by a strategy, which looks at the difference between the tower inlet temperature and wet-bulb temperature. A difference range is specified for each equipment list.
Demand Load Properties
This is where you can add loads that are considered demand loads. The load can be used to impose a base load on the cooling or heating equipment. The add button will continue to add new loads into the loop. Loads can also be copied and deleted as well.
Here are the field names of the demand load.
Name
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Default Value: N/A
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: Enter in the name of the demand load.
Input Considerations: N/A
Max Load
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Default Value: 0
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Min & Max: -999999 to 999999
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: Tons, kW, W
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Description: This is the maximum load the loop will have to address.
Input Considerations: N/A
Max Flow Rate
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Default Value: 0
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Min & Max: 0 to 999999
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: gmp, L/s
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Description: This is the flow rate for the demand load. When the flow rate and load are entered, a temperature delta is determined.
Input Considerations: N/A
Schedule
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Default Value: N/A
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Min & Max: N/A
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Typical Range: N/A
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Units: N/A
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Description: Schedules allow you to define 24-hour percentage profiles. Here a schedule can be applied to determine at what specific hours a varying amount of load is on a loop. This will change the demand on the associated equipment in that loop.
Input Considerations: N/A
Assign Loops
The Assign Loops screen is used to assign loops together so they work in tandem to condition a building. You must connect the supply side of a loop to a demand side of another loop.
Highlight a loop in the left tree and then click equipment in the right tree to complete the assignment. Once the loop is connected, a link symbol will appear in the tree structure next to the supply loop. The demand component will be beneath the supply loop in the tree showing that they are connected. In order to move on from this screen, all equipment must be assigned to a loop.
Assign Loops Tree Features
The Assign Loops Tree will contain two parts:
o List of unassigned equipment
o Equipment assigned to other loops
If you highlight a loop for assignment and there is a demand object that CANNOT be assigned, it will not be shown in the tree. However, it will be shown under the “Unassigned Equipment” section of the tree. As objects become assigned, they will always be displayed in the “systems assigned to other loops” section.
After assignment, the tree will contain the building name, supply loop name, demand loop name that is assigned, as well as any demand components that are assigned to the supply loop name. This tree will not have any link icons and will not show any supply components. Loop names can be listed twice within the same tree (as long as there are different demand components). No renaming of objects (loops, components, and controls) can be done in this tree.
Assign Systems
The Assign Systems screen is used to assign loops to airside systems. The airside systems in the unassigned tree will populate based on how many airside coils were created from the Systems section. You must connect the supply side of a loop to a demand side of another airside system.
Highlight a loop in the left tree and then click systems or coils in the right tree to complete the assignment. In order to move on from this screen, all coils must be assigned to a loop.
Assign Systems Tree Features
TRACE® 3D Plus will show the loops on the tree in a pane on the left and unassigned and assigned systems on the right. This should function very similar to the assign loops trees. It is open by default when entering this section and it will not be closed unless you hit the “Systems Manager” button to minimize it.
The left main tree after assignment will contain the building name, supply loop name, air-side system name, main coils, DOA name, DOA coils, zone equipment name, and zone name. This tree will not contain any link icons or show any supply components. As coils are assigned to the loops, the coils will appear under each loop with the system name listed first and then the coil. Systems can be listed twice within the same tree (as long as there are different demand components). No renaming of objects (loops, components and controls) can be done in this tree. There will also be a section for “Unassigned Coils” to display unassigned coils.
Example of main left tree after all components are assigned:
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Building 01
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Loop Name
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System Name
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Main Coils
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DOA Name
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DOA Coils
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Zone Equipment Name
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Zone Name
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The unassigned systems tree will be a list of system names and the associated coils with those systems. There will be two sections: Unassigned Coils and Coils assigned to other loops. This tree will look exactly like the Systems section tree, but will only list coils, systems, and zone groups. This pane is collapsible by clicking the “Systems Manager”. The order will be System name, main coils, DOA name, DOA coils, Zone Equipment Name, Zone Name. The coil names will be based on the naming convention used by the Systems UC. If the coil can’t be assigned to the loop that is selected on the tree unavailable in the list. Once the coil is assigned (or system), it will move from the unassigned coils category to the assigned systems category and then the tree will also show the system underneath that loop.